I. Introduction to Parliament

  • Key Points: The Parliament is the legislative organ of the Union government and holds a central role in the Indian democratic system due to the adoption of the parliamentary (Westminster) model.
  • Explanation: The Indian Parliament, formed under Articles 79 to 122 of the Constitution, consists of the President, the Council of States (Rajya Sabha), and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). While the President is not a member of either House, their assent is necessary for legislation.
  • Example: The system reflects the British model where the Crown, House of Lords, and House of Commons form the Parliament.

II. Organization of Parliament

  • Key Points: The Parliament consists of three parts: President, Rajya Sabha, and Lok Sabha. The President plays a critical role in summoning, proroguing sessions, and assenting to bills.
  • Explanation: Rajya Sabha represents the states and union territories, while Lok Sabha represents the people directly. The President’s involvement ensures interdependence between the executive and legislative organs.
  • Example: The President dissolves the Lok Sabha, addresses both Houses, and can issue ordinances when Parliament is not in session.

III. Composition of the Two Houses

  • Key Points: Rajya Sabha has a maximum strength of 250, with members representing states and union territories or nominated by the President. Lok Sabha’s maximum strength is 550, representing the states and union territories directly elected by the people.
  • Explanation: Rajya Sabha members are elected by state assemblies, while Lok Sabha members are directly elected by the public. Nominated members in both Houses represent those with special expertise.
  • Example: Uttar Pradesh has the highest representation in the Rajya Sabha due to its large population.

IV. System of Elections to the Lok Sabha

  • Key Points: Elections to Lok Sabha are based on territorial constituencies and universal adult franchise. Seats are reserved for SCs and STs based on population ratios.
  • Explanation: The first-past-the-post system used for Lok Sabha elections contrasts with the proportional representation system used in Rajya Sabha. Population and constituency boundaries are readjusted after every census.
  • Example: The 61st Constitutional Amendment reduced the voting age from 21 to 18, expanding the electorate.

V. Duration of the Two Houses

  • Key Points: Rajya Sabha is a permanent body, with one-third of its members retiring every two years. Lok Sabha is dissolved after five years unless extended during a national emergency.
  • Explanation: Lok Sabha can be dissolved by the President before its term ends, while Rajya Sabha continues without dissolution.
  • Example: During a national emergency, the term of Lok Sabha can be extended for one year at a time.

VI. Membership of Parliament

  • Key Points: Members must meet specific qualifications, including age, citizenship, and electoral registration. Disqualifications include holding an office of profit, being of unsound mind, or defection.
  • Explanation: Disqualification due to defection applies if a member voluntarily gives up their party membership or votes against party directions.
  • Example: The Tenth Schedule of the Constitution outlines the anti-defection law, with the Speaker of Lok Sabha making decisions on disqualification.