Science (Body Movements) Part - 1
Science (Body Movements) (Part 1 & Part 2) Covers the Following Topics
1. Human Body and Its Movements
- Observing Body Movements
- Movements while breathing and writing.
- Examples of body movements like walking, running, and jumping.
- Types of Joints
- Ball and Socket Joint: Allows movement in all directions (e.g., shoulder, hip).
- Pivotal Joint: Allows movement of the head (e.g., neck).
- Hinge Joint: Allows movement in one direction (e.g., elbow, knee).
- Fixed Joint: Does not allow movement (e.g., skull bones).
- Skeleton and Bones
- Framework of bones in the body.
- Role of bones in providing shape and protection to organs.
- Approximate number of bones in humans (305 at birth, 206 in adults).
- Specific examples: Rib cage, backbone, and skull.
- Muscles and Movement
- How muscles contract and pull bones.
- Muscles working in pairs for opposing movements.
2. Movements in Animals
- Mechanisms of Animal Movement
- Various types of locomotion: Walking, running, swimming, flying, etc.
- Examples of Specific Animals
- Earthworm:
- Uses muscles and bristles to move.
- Slime secretion for smooth movement.
- Makes soil fertile by ingesting and excreting soil.
- Snail:
- Moves using a muscular foot with wavy motion.
- Carries an outer skeleton (shell) that does not aid movement.
- Cockroach:
- Walks and climbs using three pairs of legs.
- Flies using muscles connected to wings.
- Has a hard outer skeleton made of plates.
- Birds:
- Adaptations for flight: Hollow bones, strong shoulder muscles.
- Modified forelimbs (wings) for flight.
- Some birds also swim (e.g., ducks, swans).
- Fish:
- Streamlined body for reduced water resistance.
- Tail fins for propulsion and balance fins for steering.
- Snake:
- Slithers using its flexible backbone and muscles.
- Forms loops to push against surfaces for movement.
- Earthworm:
3. Skeleton and Its Functions
- Components of the Skeleton
- Skull: Protects the brain.
- Rib Cage: Protects the lungs and heart, made of 12 ribs on each side.
- Backbone: Made of 33 vertebrae, encloses the spinal cord.
- Pelvic Bones: Support the lower body and protect organs below the stomach.
- Bones of Hands and Legs: Structure and functions of carpals, phalanges, etc.
- Cartilage
- Softer than bones and can bend.
- Present in joints to reduce friction and cushion bones.
4. Adaptations for Movement in Animals
- Hollow bones in birds for flight.
- Streamlined body in fish for swimming.
- Flexible backbone in snakes for slithering.
- Role of bristles and slime in earthworms.
- Muscular foot in snails for locomotion.
5. Comparative Analysis
- Differences in movement mechanisms among animals (e.g., walking, flying, slithering).
- Importance of joints and skeleton in humans vs. adaptations in animals.
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