This Exam Covers Following Topics

1. Introduction to Fundamental Rights:
   • Overview and significance of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution.
   • Historical background and inspiration from other constitutions, particularly the Bill of Rights in the USA.
2. Classification of Fundamental Rights:
   • Breakdown of the six categories of Fundamental Rights as per the Indian Constitution:
     • Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
     • Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
     • Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
     • Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)
     • Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)
     • Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
3. Key Features of Fundamental Rights:
   • Justiciability and enforceability in courts.
   • Availability to citizens and certain rights available to foreigners.
   • Distinction between absolute rights and those subject to reasonable restrictions.
   • Judicial review and protection under Articles 32 and 226.
4. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18):
   • Equality before law and equal protection of laws (Article 14).
   • Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth (Article 15).
   • Equality of opportunity in public employment (Article 16).
   • Abolition of untouchability (Article 17).
   • Abolition of titles except military and academic distinctions (Article 18).
5. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22):
   • Six freedoms under Article 19 (freedom of speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession).
   • Protection in respect of conviction for offenses (Article 20).
   • Protection of life and personal liberty (Article 21).
   • Right to Education (Article 21A).
   • Protection against arrest and detention (Article 22).
6. Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24):
   • Prohibition of trafficking in human beings and forced labor (Article 23).
   • Prohibition of employment of children in factories and hazardous occupations (Article 24).
7. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28):
   • Freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practice, and propagate religion (Article 25).
   • Freedom to manage religious affairs (Article 26).
   • Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion (Article 27).
   • Freedom from attending religious instruction in educational institutions (Article 28).
8. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30):
   • Protection of the interests of minorities (Article 29).
   • Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions (Article 30).
9. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32):
   • Empowerment of citizens to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
   • Types of writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto.
10. Exceptions and Limitations of Fundamental Rights:
    • Circumstances under which Fundamental Rights can be suspended (e.g., during a National Emergency).
    • Grounds for imposing reasonable restrictions.
11. Judicial Interpretations and Landmark Cases:
    • Key case laws that have expanded the scope and interpretation of Fundamental Rights, such as the Kesavananda Bharati case, Maneka Gandhi case, Olga Tellis case, and others.
    • Evolution of Fundamental Rights through judicial activism and the Basic Structure Doctrine.
12. Amendments and Changes Related to Fundamental Rights:
    • Impact of constitutional amendments on Fundamental Rights, such as the 1st, 42nd, 44th, and 86th Amendments.
    • Changes in the scope and applicability of specific rights like the Right to Property and Right to Education.
13. Role of Writs in Protecting Fundamental Rights:
    • Detailed analysis of different types of writs and their importance in the judicial enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
    • Limitations and conditions under which each writ can be issued by the Supreme Court or High Courts.
14. Fundamental Rights vs. Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP):
    • Relationship and conflicts between Fundamental Rights and DPSPs.
    • Cases where DPSPs have been given priority and where they have been subordinated to Fundamental Rights.
15. Doctrine of Severability and Doctrine of Eclipse:
    • Principles used to resolve conflicts between laws that violate Fundamental Rights.
    • Application of these doctrines in landmark cases and their significance in constitutional law.

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