Geography (Landforms and their Evolution)

This Exam Covers the Following Topics

  1. Introduction to Landforms and Landscapes
    • Definition of landforms and landscapes
    • Factors influencing landform development
    • Evolution of landforms (youth, mature, and old stages)
  2. Running Water as a Geomorphic Agent
    • Erosional landforms created by running water
    • Valleys (V-shaped, gorges, canyons)
    • Potholes and plunge pools
    • River terraces
    • Floodplains and natural levees
    • Point bars and meanders
    • Incised or entrenched meanders
    • Depositional landforms (alluvial fans, deltas)
  3. Groundwater and Karst Topography
    • Karst landscapes and landforms
    • Sinkholes, swallow holes, dolines, and uvalas
    • Limestone pavements
    • Caves (stalactites, stalagmites, pillars)
  4. Glaciers as Geomorphic Agents
    • Glacial landforms (erosional and depositional)
    • Cirques, horns, and arĂȘtes
    • Glacial valleys and troughs
    • Hanging valleys
    • Fjords
    • Moraines (lateral, terminal, medial)
    • Drumlins, eskers, and outwash plains
  5. Wind as a Geomorphic Agent
    • Wind erosion and deposition in desert areas
    • Pediments and pediplains
    • Deflation hollows and caves
    • Sand dunes (barchans, seifs, parabolic dunes, longitudinal dunes)
    • Mushroom rocks and pedestal rocks
  6. Waves and Coastal Processes
    • Coastal erosion and deposition
    • Wave-cut platforms, cliffs, and terraces
    • Sea stacks and caves
    • Beaches, dunes, and spits
    • Barrier bars and lagoons
  7. Desert Landforms
    • Erosional and depositional features in deserts
    • Playas and alkali flats
    • Pediplains and inselbergs
    • Sheet wash and stream channels in deserts
  8. Role of Tectonics in Landform Evolution
    • Influence of tectonic activity on landform development
    • Tectonic uplift and its impact on erosional and depositional processes
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