This Exam Covers the Following Topics

1. Definition of International Trade
2. India’s Trade History
   • Growth in India’s external trade over the decades
   • Contribution to global trade
3. Changing Patterns of India’s Exports
   • Composition of exports (e.g., manufactured goods, agricultural products, minerals, petroleum products)
   • Major export commodities
   • Trends in the export sector
4. Changing Patterns of India’s Imports
   • Composition of imports (e.g., petroleum products, capital goods, food and allied products)
   • Import trends and shifts
5. Major Trading Partners of India
   • Direction of trade with different regions and countries
6. Trade Balance and Deficit
   • Analysis of India’s trade balance
   • Deficit trends and contributing factors
7. Ports of India
   • Major ports (Kandla, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mumbai, Marmagao, Paradwip, Haldia, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Tuticorin, etc.)
   • Characteristics of ports (natural vs. artificial harbors)
   • Role in international trade
   • Hinterlands served by various ports
8. Port Infrastructure and Expansion
   • Growth and modernization of Indian ports
   • Ports as gateways of international trade
9. Port-Specific Commodities
   • Major commodities handled by specific ports (e.g., iron ore, coal, petroleum products, agricultural goods, etc.)
10. Challenges Facing Indian Ports
    • Congestion, silt accumulation, shallow waters, environmental concerns
11. Impact of Global Competition
    • East Asian countries as major competitors in trade
    • Strategies for maintaining India’s competitiveness
12. Energy Crisis and Its Impact on Trade
    • 1973 energy crisis and its effect on imports
    • Petroleum as a major import and its industrial significance
13. India’s Airports and Air Routes
    • Major airports contributing to international trade (e.g., Cochin, Chennai, Indira Gandhi, etc.)
    • Role of air transport in global trade
14. Trade Policies and Economic Strategies
    • Liberalization, export promotion, diversification of markets
15. Sustainability and Renewable Energy
    • The potential impact of renewable energy on India’s trade and port operations
16. Critical Analysis of India’s Export Strategies
    • Diversification of exports and sectors for growth
17. Agricultural Imports and Exports
    • India’s role in agricultural trade, particularly edible oil imports despite being agriculturally rich

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