This Exam Covers the Following Topics

1. Sources of Information about the Interior of the Earth
   • Direct sources (e.g., volcanic eruptions, deep drilling projects)
   • Indirect sources (e.g., seismic waves, gravity anomalies, magnetic field)
2. Earthquake and Seismic Waves
   • Types of seismic waves (P-waves, S-waves, surface waves)
   • Propagation and characteristics of seismic waves
   • Shadow zones and their significance
   • Measurement of earthquakes (Richter scale, Mercalli scale)
   • Earthquake hazards and effects
3. Structure of the Earth
   • Layers of the Earth (Crust, Mantle, Core)
   • Crust (Continental and Oceanic crust)
   • Mantle (Upper and lower mantle, asthenosphere)
   • Core (Outer core – liquid, Inner core – solid, Nife layer)
4. Volcanoes and Volcanic Landforms
   • Types of volcanoes (Shield, Composite, Caldera, Cinder Cone)
   • Volcanic landforms (Batholiths, Laccoliths, Dykes, Sills)
   • Volcanic eruptions and processes
   • Volcanic hazards
5. Tectonic Activity and Earthquakes
   • Tectonic plate movement and fault lines
   • Types of earthquakes (Tectonic, Volcanic, Collapse, Reservoir-induced)
   • Tsunamis and their causes
6. Intrusive and Extrusive Volcanic Forms
   • Intrusive forms: Batholiths, Laccoliths, Sills, Dykes
   • Extrusive forms: Shield volcanoes, Composite volcanoes, Calderas

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