This Exam Covers the Following Topics

1. Introduction to Human Settlements:
   • Definition of Human Settlement
   • Types and sizes of settlements (from hamlets to metropolitan cities)
   • Basic distinctions between rural and urban settlements
2. Rural Settlements:
   • Characteristics of Rural Settlements:
     • Dependence on land-based primary economic activities
     • Social relationships and community structure
   • Types of Rural Settlements:
     • Clustered Settlements:
       • Characteristics of closely built-up areas (e.g., geometric shapes, found in fertile plains)
     • Semi-Clustered Settlements:
       • Description of fragmentation and segregation in settlements (e.g., dominance of central village by landowners)
     • Hamleted Settlements:
       • Division into physically separated units, often by social or ethnic groups
     • Dispersed Settlements:
       • Isolated huts or small clusters in remote areas (e.g., Nagaland, Kerala, Uttarakhand)
3. Urban Settlements:
   • Characteristics of Urban Settlements:
     • Engagement in non-agricultural activities (secondary and tertiary sectors)
     • Social and economic functions of cities
   • Functional Relationship with Rural Settlements:
     • Role of cities in providing goods and services to rural areas
     • Transport and communication networks
4. Evolution of Towns in India:
   • Ancient Towns:
     • Historical and religious significance (e.g., Varanasi, Madurai, Patna)
   • Medieval Towns:
     • Emergence as headquarters of principalities and fort towns (e.g., Delhi, Hyderabad, Agra)
   • Modern Towns:
     • Towns developed by the British (e.g., Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai)
     • Post-independence administrative and industrial towns (e.g., Chandigarh, Bhubaneswar, Durgapur)
5. Urbanization in India:
   • Trends in Urbanization (1901-2011):
     • Urban population growth over the decades
     • Key statistics and trends (e.g., percentage of urban population in 2011)
   • Challenges of Urbanization:
     • Overcrowding, infrastructure pressure, and urban sprawl
6. Functional Classification of Towns:
   • Administrative Towns:
     • Headquarters of government functions (e.g., New Delhi, Chandigarh)
   • Industrial Towns:
     • Cities focused on manufacturing and industries (e.g., Jamshedpur, Bhilai)
   • Transport Cities:
     • Cities serving as hubs for import/export and inland transport (e.g., Kandla, Agra)
   • Commercial Towns:
     • Specialization in trade and commerce (e.g., Kolkata, Saharanpur)
   • Mining Towns:
     • Towns in mineral-rich areas (e.g., Jharia, Raniganj)
   • Garrison Cantonment Towns:
     • Military towns (e.g., Ambala, Jalandhar)
   • Educational Towns:
     • Centers of education and research (e.g., Roorkee, Aligarh)
   • Religious and Cultural Towns:
     • Towns with religious and cultural significance (e.g., Varanasi, Haridwar)
   • Tourist Towns:
     • Popular tourist destinations (e.g., Shimla, Nainital, Jodhpur)
7. Smart Cities Mission:
   • Objectives of the Smart Cities Mission:
     • Core infrastructure development, sustainability, and quality of life
     • Use of smart solutions for urban services and disaster resilience

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