This Exam Covers the Following Topics

1. Definition and Concept of Biodiversity
   • Understanding biodiversity and its components (plants, animals, microorganisms).
   • Levels of biodiversity (Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity).
2. Genetic Diversity
   • Importance of genetic variation within species.
   • Role of genetic diversity in species survival and adaptation.
3. Species Diversity
   • Measurement of species diversity (richness, abundance, and types).
   • Hotspots of species diversity.
4. Ecosystem Diversity
   • Differences in ecosystem types and habitats.
   • The role of ecosystem diversity in ecological stability.
5. Importance of Biodiversity
   • Ecological roles (energy storage, nutrient cycling, climate regulation).
   • Economic roles (crop diversity, medicinal resources).
   • Scientific roles (understanding evolution, life functions).
6. Biodiversity Loss
   • Causes of biodiversity loss (over-exploitation, habitat destruction, pollution, exotic species).
   • The impact of human activities on biodiversity decline.
7. Conservation of Biodiversity
   • National parks, sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves.
   • International efforts and conventions (e.g., IUCN, Earth Summit).
   • Biodiversity hotspots and mega diversity centers.
8. Endangered, Vulnerable, and Rare Species
   • IUCN classification and the Red List of threatened species.
   • Factors leading to species becoming endangered or vulnerable.
9. Exotic Species
   • Impact of introduced species on native ecosystems.
   • Case studies of ecosystems affected by invasive species.
10. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity Conservation
    • Steps for biodiversity conservation.
    • The role of local communities and international cooperation in sustaining biodiversity.

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