This Exam Covers the Following Topics

1. Atmospheric Pressure
   • Definition and measurement (using millibars)
   • Vertical and horizontal variation of pressure
2. Pressure Gradient Force
   • Concept and impact on wind speed
   • Influence of isobar patterns
3. Coriolis Force
   • Definition and effects on wind direction
   • Differences in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres
4. Forces Affecting Wind
   • Pressure Gradient Force, Frictional Force, Coriolis Force
   • Combined effect on wind velocity and direction
5. Geostrophic Wind
   • Winds in the upper atmosphere controlled by pressure gradient and Coriolis forces
6. Cyclones and Anticyclones
   • Characteristics and wind patterns
   • Differences between cyclonic and anticyclonic circulations
7. General Circulation of the Atmosphere
   • Planetary wind systems
   • Hadley Cell, Ferrel Cell, and Polar Cell
8. Land and Sea Breezes
   • Daytime and nighttime wind patterns near coastal areas
9. Mountain and Valley Winds
   • Wind patterns in mountainous regions (katabatic and anabatic winds)
10. Air Masses
    • Classification of air masses based on source regions
    • Maritime and continental air masses
11. Fronts
    • Definition and types: cold front, warm front, occluded front, and stationary front
    • Frontogenesis
12. El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
    • Impact of El Nino on global weather patterns
    • Interaction between oceanic currents and atmospheric pressure systems
13. Tropical and Extra-tropical Cyclones
    • Formation and characteristics of tropical cyclones
    • Differences between tropical and extra-tropical cyclones
14. Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
    • Formation of thunderstorms and tornadoes
    • Characteristics and associated hazards
15. Ocean Currents and Atmospheric Circulation
    • Influence of ocean currents on atmospheric systems (e.g., Gulf Stream, El Nino)

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