This Exam Covers the Following Topics

1. Composition of the Atmosphere
   • Gases in the atmosphere (Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, etc.)
   • Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect
   • Global warming and its impacts
2. Structure of the Atmosphere
   • Layers of the atmosphere: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere
   • Functions and characteristics of each atmospheric layer (e.g., ozone layer, ionosphere)
3. Weather and Climate
   • Definition and distinction between weather and climate
   • Factors influencing weather and climate
   • Temperature variations and their causes
   • Importance of insolation (incoming solar energy)
4. Air Pressure and Wind
   • Definition and measurement of air pressure
   • High-pressure vs. low-pressure systems
   • Wind systems: Permanent winds (trade winds, westerlies, easterlies), seasonal winds (monsoons), local winds (e.g., loo)
   • Air circulation and its role in weather patterns
5. Weather Instruments
   • Barometer, thermometer, rain gauge, wind vane
   • Uses of these instruments in weather forecasting
6. Precipitation
   • Types of precipitation: rain, snow, sleet, hail
   • Mechanisms behind rainfall: convectional, orographic, cyclonic
7. Global Warming and Climate Change
   • Causes and effects of global warming
   • Impact of increasing greenhouse gases on climate and sea levels
8. Cyclones
   • Nature and impact of cyclones (with examples, such as the 1999 Odisha cyclone)
   • Damage caused by cyclones: wind velocity, rainfall, and tidal surge
9. Humidity and Moisture
   • The concept of humidity and its effects on weather
   • The relationship between temperature and moisture retention in the atmosphere
10. Insolation and Temperature Distribution
    • The concept of insolation and its impact on global temperature distribution
    • How insolation varies with latitude and its effect on climate

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