This Topic Covers the Following Topics.

1. Definition and Concept of Economic Planning: The basics of economic planning, its definition, and the evolution from practice to theory.
2. Types of Planning:
   • Imperative Planning: Characteristics, application in socialist or communist countries, and examples like the Soviet Union and China.
   • Indicative Planning: Characteristics, application in mixed economies, and examples like France and Japan.
3. Origin and Expansion of Planning:
   • Regional Planning: Early examples like the Tennessee Valley Authority in the USA.
   • National Planning: Adoption by countries like the Soviet Union and France.
4. Planning Goals and Objectives: Different types of planning goals, including economic growth, social justice, balanced regional development, and sustainable development.
5. Challenges in Economic Planning: Issues such as resource allocation, regional imbalances, social integration, and policy implementation.
6. Planning in India:
   • Historical background and the role of the Planning Commission.
   • Five-Year Plans: Their objectives, strategies, and outcomes.
   • Structural reforms and shifts in planning approaches, such as the shift towards market-oriented policies post-1991.
7. Theoretical Perspectives on Planning:
   • Discussion on normative and systemic planning approaches and their relevance.
   • The integration of economic, social, and environmental dimensions in planning.
8. Comparative Planning Approaches:
   • Differences between various types of planning (imperative vs. indicative).
   • The role of market socialism and its challenges in policy coordination.

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