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1. Meaning and Purpose of Parliamentary Committees 2. Classification of Parliamentary Committees A. Standing Committees B. Ad Hoc Committees 3. Key Committees Explained with Examples 4. Department-Related Standing Committees (DRSCs) 5. Specialized Inquiry Committees 6. Committees for Effective Oversight and Control 7. Consultative Committees

I. Constitutional Provisions Governing Subordinate Courts II. Structure and Jurisdiction of Subordinate Courts The organizational structure and jurisdiction of subordinate courts are determined by each state, which can result in slight variations. Generally, the structure includes three primary levels in both civil and criminal courts below the high court: A. Civil Court Hierarchy B. Criminal

Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG) Overview 1. Rationale of the IPG 2. Composition of the IPG 3. Objectives of the IPG 4. Functions of the IPG 5. Parliamentary Friendship Groups (PFGs) The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) 1. Overview of IPU 2. Advantages of IPU Membership for IPG The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) 1. Overview of CPA 2.

1. Maharashtra and Gujarat (Article 371) 2. Nagaland (Article 371-A) 3. Assam (Article 371-B) 4. Manipur (Article 371-C) 5. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (Articles 371-D and 371-E) 6. Sikkim (Article 371-F) 7. Mizoram (Article 371-G) 8. Arunachal Pradesh (Article 371-H) 9. Goa (Article 371-I) 10. Karnataka (Hyderabad-Karnataka Region) (Article 371-J)

1. Introduction to Judicial Activism 2. Meaning of Judicial Activism 3. Aspects of Judicial Activism in India 4. Judicial Review and Judicial Activism 5. Justification of Judicial Activism 6. Activators of Judicial Activism 7. Apprehensions of Judicial Activism 8. Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint 9. Supreme Court Observations on Judicial Restraint

1. Origins and Development of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) 2. Meaning and Purpose of PIL 3. Features of PIL 4. Scope of PIL 5. Principles Guiding PIL 6. Guidelines for Admitting PIL 7. Supreme Court’s Stand on PIL

I. Constitutional Provisions Governing Subordinate Courts II. Structure and Jurisdiction of Subordinate Courts The organizational structure and jurisdiction of subordinate courts are determined by each state, which can result in slight variations. Generally, the structure includes three primary levels in both civil and criminal courts below the high court: A. Civil Court Hierarchy B. Criminal

1. Introduction to Tribunals 2. Administrative Tribunals (Article 323A) 3. Tribunals for Other Matters (Article 323B) Scope: Allows for the establishment of tribunals in areas beyond public service, covering a wide range of topics, including: Taxation Foreign Exchange and Trade Labor and Industrial Relations Land Reforms and Urban Property Election Disputes Foodstuffs and Essential Commodities