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1. Overview of the Finance Commission 2. Composition 3. Functions The Finance Commission provides recommendations on the following areas: Historical Note: Until 1960, the Commission recommended specific grants to Assam, Bihar, Odisha, and West Bengal due to a temporary export duty on jute. 4. Advisory Role 5. Evolution and Challenges 6. Finance Commissions to Date […]

1. Introduction to the State Public Service Commission (SPSC) 2. Composition of SPSC 3. Removal of Members 4. Independence of SPSC 5. Functions of SPSC 6. Limitations on SPSC’s Jurisdiction 7. Role and Scope of SPSC 8. Joint State Public Service Commission (JSPSC)

Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) 1. Introduction 2. Composition of UPSC 3. Removal of UPSC Members 4. Independence of UPSC 5. Functions of UPSC 6. Limitations of UPSC 7. Role and Scope

Election Commission of India (ECI) 1. Overview and Purpose 2. Composition 3. Independence and Safeguards 4. Powers and Functions The ECI’s powers are grouped into three categories: 5. Organizational Structure and Support 6. Vision, Mission, and Principles 7. Challenges and Observations

1. Emergence of the Basic Structure Doctrine Explanation: The concept of the “basic structure” of the Indian Constitution emerged from debates on the extent of Parliament’s amending power, especially concerning fundamental rights. The question was whether Parliament could amend fundamental rights or if some aspects of the Constitution were beyond amendment. The issue was first

1. Introduction to Constitutional Amendment in India 2. Procedure for Amendment 3. Types of Amendments 4. Criticisms of the Amendment Procedure 5. Views on the Amendment Flexibility

1. Introduction to Fundamental Duties 2. Swaran Singh Committee Recommendations 3. List of Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) 4. Characteristics of Fundamental Duties 5. Criticism of Fundamental Duties 6. Significance of Fundamental Duties 7. Verma Committee Observations (1999)

1. Legislative Relations 2. Administrative Relations 3. Financial Relations 4. Relations During Emergencies 5. Trends and Issues in Centre-State Relations

1. Inter-State Water Disputes 2. Inter-State Councils 3. Public Acts, Records, and Judicial Proceedings 4. Inter-State Trade and Commerce 5. Zonal Councils

1. Classification of Governments: Unitary vs. Federal Systems 2. Federal System in India 3. Federal Features of the Indian Constitution 4. Unitary Features of the Indian Constitution 5. Critical Evaluation of the Indian Federal System