Tarav Technology

Election Commission of India (ECI) 1. Overview and Purpose 2. Composition 3. Independence and Safeguards 4. Powers and Functions The ECI’s powers are grouped into three categories: 5. Organizational Structure and Support 6. Vision, Mission, and Principles 7. Challenges and Observations

1. Emergence of the Basic Structure Doctrine Explanation: The concept of the “basic structure” of the Indian Constitution emerged from debates on the extent of Parliament’s amending power, especially concerning fundamental rights. The question was whether Parliament could amend fundamental rights or if some aspects of the Constitution were beyond amendment. The issue was first

1. Introduction to Constitutional Amendment in India 2. Procedure for Amendment 3. Types of Amendments 4. Criticisms of the Amendment Procedure 5. Views on the Amendment Flexibility

1. Introduction to Fundamental Duties 2. Swaran Singh Committee Recommendations 3. List of Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) 4. Characteristics of Fundamental Duties 5. Criticism of Fundamental Duties 6. Significance of Fundamental Duties 7. Verma Committee Observations (1999)

1. Legislative Relations 2. Administrative Relations 3. Financial Relations 4. Relations During Emergencies 5. Trends and Issues in Centre-State Relations

1. Inter-State Water Disputes 2. Inter-State Councils 3. Public Acts, Records, and Judicial Proceedings 4. Inter-State Trade and Commerce 5. Zonal Councils

1. Classification of Governments: Unitary vs. Federal Systems 2. Federal System in India 3. Federal Features of the Indian Constitution 4. Unitary Features of the Indian Constitution 5. Critical Evaluation of the Indian Federal System

1. Meaning and Purpose of Parliamentary Committees 2. Classification of Parliamentary Committees A. Standing Committees B. Ad Hoc Committees 3. Key Committees Explained with Examples 4. Department-Related Standing Committees (DRSCs) 5. Specialized Inquiry Committees 6. Committees for Effective Oversight and Control 7. Consultative Committees

I. Constitutional Provisions Governing Subordinate Courts II. Structure and Jurisdiction of Subordinate Courts The organizational structure and jurisdiction of subordinate courts are determined by each state, which can result in slight variations. Generally, the structure includes three primary levels in both civil and criminal courts below the high court: A. Civil Court Hierarchy B. Criminal

Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG) Overview 1. Rationale of the IPG 2. Composition of the IPG 3. Objectives of the IPG 4. Functions of the IPG 5. Parliamentary Friendship Groups (PFGs) The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) 1. Overview of IPU 2. Advantages of IPU Membership for IPG The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) 1. Overview of CPA 2.