Polity (State Legislature)

Legislative Assembly: Directly elected representatives, ranging from 60 to 500 members. For smaller states like Sikkim and Goa, the minimum is set at 30.
Legislative Council: Represents various societal interests, including local bodies, graduates, and teachers. Its role is mostly advisory and does not hold as much power as the assembly.
Reserved Seats: The Constitution mandates seat reservations for SC and ST communities based on population. This provision, initially set to last for 10 years, has been extended repeatedly and now lasts until 2030.

Ordinary Bills: Can originate in either house (for bicameral systems), but the assembly has overriding power. If the council disagrees, it can only delay the bill for up to four months.
Money Bills: These bills, dealing with taxation and state finances, are restricted to the legislative assembly. The council may suggest changes, but the assembly holds the final decision.
Governor’s Assent: A bill passed by the assembly (and council if applicable) goes to the governor for approval. The governor can return a bill for reconsideration but must assent if it is passed again.

The governor plays a key role in the legislative process. Besides assenting to bills, the governor can summon, prorogue, and dissolve the legislative assembly. The governor also recommends money bills and can reserve certain bills for the President’s consideration.

Members may be disqualified for holding office of profit, mental unsoundness, insolvency, or defection. The Tenth Schedule deals with disqualification due to defection, and such cases are decided by the Speaker or Chairman, with decisions subject to judicial review.