Exams (Part 1 & Part 2) Covers the Following Topics

1. Hunter-Gatherer Societies:
   • Characteristics of hunter-gatherers
   • Reasons for movement (following animals, searching for water, and finding seasonal plants)
   • Use of stone, bone, and wooden tools
   • Evidence of early human life (tools, remains, and rock shelters)
   • Role of fire in early societies (cooking, protection, warmth)
   • Importance of water sources (rivers and lakes)
2. Archaeological Evidence:
   • Major archaeological sites (Bhimbetka, Kurnool Caves, Burzahom, and Mehrgarh)
   • Discovery of stone tools, rock paintings, and traces of fire
   • Role of archaeologists in uncovering early human history
   • Evidence of early settlements and farming activities
   • Pit-houses and other forms of shelter
3. The Beginning of Farming and Herding:
   • Transition from hunting and gathering to farming
   • Domestication of plants (wheat, barley, and rice) and animals (dogs, sheep, goats, and cattle)
   • Role of grasslands and environmental changes in enabling agriculture
   • Importance of grain cultivation and its impact on human settlement
   • The gradual process of domestication (selective breeding of plants and animals)
4. Domestication:
   • Key animals and plants domesticated during the Neolithic period
   • Selection of plants for their larger grains and disease resistance
   • Domestication of animals for food, labor, and materials (milk, meat, wool)
   • Impact of domestication on human societies (more stable food supply, settled life)
5. Neolithic Period:
   • Rise of polished stone tools (with sharper cutting edges)
   • Introduction of clay pottery for food storage and cooking
   • Development of woven textiles (especially cotton)
   • The establishment of permanent settlements due to farming and herding
   • The gradual spread of domesticated plants and animals across different regions
6. Burial Practices:
   • Burial customs at Mehrgarh (burials with food and animals)
   • Beliefs about life after death suggested by burial practices
   • Archaeological findings of burial sites (including skeletons and grave goods)
7. A Changing Environment:
   • Environmental changes around 12,000 years ago (shift to warmer climates)
   • Spread of grasslands and their impact on animal populations and human activity
   • How climate change influenced the development of agriculture and herding
8. Mesolithic and Palaeolithic Periods:
   • Definitions of the Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age) and Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) periods
   • Use of small stone tools (microliths) during the Mesolithic period
   • Characteristics of the Palaeolithic period (hunter-gatherer societies and stone tools)
9. Life in Early Settlements:
   • Evidence of early farming and herding in Mehrgarh and Burzahom
   • Use of pit-houses and the evolution of shelter design
   • Early use of pottery, baskets, and woven materials for daily life
10. Rock Shelters and Art:
    • Rock paintings at Bhimbetka depicting animals and early human activities
    • Role of art in understanding early human culture and lifestyle
    • Archaeological interpretations of rock paintings and their significance

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