This Exam Covers the Following Topics

1. Environmental Pollution

• • Definition of Environmental Pollution
  • Types of Pollution:
    • Air Pollution
      • Sources: Combustion of fossil fuels, industrial emissions
      • Pollutants: Oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, etc.
      • Effects on health (respiratory diseases, etc.)
    • Water Pollution
      • Causes: Industrial, agricultural, and cultural activities
      • Pollutants: Heavy metals, pesticides, and organic waste
      • Impact on water sources like Ganga and Yamuna
      • Health effects: Waterborne diseases (diarrhea, hepatitis)
      • Namami Gange Program and its objectives
    • Land Pollution
      • Sources: Improper disposal of industrial and household waste
      • Pollutants: Pesticides, fertilizers, heavy metals
      • Health and environmental effects
    • Noise Pollution
      • Sources: Traffic, industrial activities, loudspeakers
      • Measurement in decibels (dB)
      • Health impacts (hearing loss, stress)

2. Urban Waste Disposal

• • Challenges in urban waste management
  • Health hazards from improper waste disposal (typhoid, cholera, etc.)
  • Disposal practices in metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, etc.
  • Solutions: Waste-to-energy conversion, composting, recycling
  • Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and its role in urban sanitation

3. Rural-Urban Migration

• • Causes of migration (economic opportunities, unbalanced development)
  • Socio-economic consequences in both rural and urban areas
  • Case studies illustrating the impact on families (e.g., Ramesh’s story)
  • Push and pull factors in migration dynamics
  • Effects on urban infrastructure and services

4. Problems of Slums

• • Definition of slums and characteristics (overcrowding, poor sanitation)
  • Health and environmental challenges in slum areas (open defecation, disease)
  • Case study of Dharavi (Asia’s largest slum)
  • Solutions: Slum upgrading programs and public health initiatives

5. Land Degradation

• • Causes of land degradation (deforestation, overuse of chemical fertilizers, improper irrigation)
  • Types of degraded land (waterlogged areas, saline/alkaline land)
  • Effects on agriculture and food security
  • Watershed Management Programs (Rajiv Gandhi Mission for Watershed Management)
  • Case study: Restoration efforts in Jhabua district, including planting of trees and social-fencing of pastures

6. Ecological Restoration Initiatives

• • Case Study: Ecological restoration in Daurala village near Meerut
    • Efforts by local NGOs and industries to restore water quality and community health
    • Implementation of the “Polluter Pays” principle
    • Measures like rainwater harvesting, pond desilting, and tree planting
  • Watershed management initiatives in Jhabua district (Madhya Pradesh)
    • Community participation and government-NGO collaboration for land restoration
    • Focus on sustainable agriculture and resource management

7. Interconnected Environmental Issues

• • The relationship between urban waste disposal and water pollution
  • The interaction between pollution types (e.g., how land pollution can affect water bodies)
  • Critical thinking on balancing industrial growth and environmental sustainability

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