This Exam Covers the Following Topics

1. Growth vs. Development:
   • The difference between growth (quantitative) and development (qualitative).
   • Key characteristics and examples of growth without development and growth with development.
2. Contributions of Mahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen:
   • Their role in developing the Human Development concept and introducing the Human Development Index (HDI).
   • Their emphasis on enlarging people’s choices and increasing freedom as the core of human development.
3. Human Development Index (HDI):
   • Key indicators of health (life expectancy), education (literacy rate, gross enrollment ratio), and access to resources (purchasing power).
   • International comparisons of HDI and the classifications of countries based on HDI scores.
   • Criticisms of the HDI, particularly regarding its lack of focus on income distribution.
4. Human Poverty Index (HPI):
   • The differences between HDI and HPI, with the HPI focusing on shortfalls in human development (such as survival, literacy, and access to clean water).
   • How the HPI can sometimes offer more insight into a country’s development.
5. Four Pillars of Human Development:
   • Equity, Sustainability, Productivity, and Empowerment:
     • Equity: Ensuring equal access to opportunities for everyone, regardless of gender, race, or caste.
     • Sustainability: Maintaining resources and opportunities for future generations.
     • Productivity: Enhancing human labor productivity through investments in health and education.
     • Empowerment: Increasing people’s freedom to make choices and the role of governance.
6. Approaches to Human Development:
   • The various approaches to human development (income, welfare, basic needs, and capabilities approach).
   • The emphasis on building human capabilities in health, education, and access to resources.
7. Gross National Happiness (GNH):
   • Bhutan’s unique approach to development, focusing on non-material well-being and spiritual progress over economic growth.
8. International Comparisons of Human Development:
   • How some smaller nations outperform larger economies in HDI rankings.
   • Factors contributing to this, such as prioritization of health and education.
9. Indian Context:
   • Specific programs like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and their role in promoting gender equality and access to education.
   • India’s ranking in the HDI and factors that contribute to its position.
10. Critical Discussions on Empowerment, Sustainability, and Productivity:

• How empowerment and sustainability play essential roles in creating long-term growth and stability.
• The challenges of balancing economic growth with human development in the global context.

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