Geography (Landforms and their Evolution)
This Exam Covers the Following Topics
- Introduction to Landforms and Landscapes
- Definition of landforms and landscapes
- Factors influencing landform development
- Evolution of landforms (youth, mature, and old stages)
- Running Water as a Geomorphic Agent
- Erosional landforms created by running water
- Valleys (V-shaped, gorges, canyons)
- Potholes and plunge pools
- River terraces
- Floodplains and natural levees
- Point bars and meanders
- Incised or entrenched meanders
- Depositional landforms (alluvial fans, deltas)
- Groundwater and Karst Topography
- Karst landscapes and landforms
- Sinkholes, swallow holes, dolines, and uvalas
- Limestone pavements
- Caves (stalactites, stalagmites, pillars)
- Glaciers as Geomorphic Agents
- Glacial landforms (erosional and depositional)
- Cirques, horns, and arêtes
- Glacial valleys and troughs
- Hanging valleys
- Fjords
- Moraines (lateral, terminal, medial)
- Drumlins, eskers, and outwash plains
- Wind as a Geomorphic Agent
- Wind erosion and deposition in desert areas
- Pediments and pediplains
- Deflation hollows and caves
- Sand dunes (barchans, seifs, parabolic dunes, longitudinal dunes)
- Mushroom rocks and pedestal rocks
- Waves and Coastal Processes
- Coastal erosion and deposition
- Wave-cut platforms, cliffs, and terraces
- Sea stacks and caves
- Beaches, dunes, and spits
- Barrier bars and lagoons
- Desert Landforms
- Erosional and depositional features in deserts
- Playas and alkali flats
- Pediplains and inselbergs
- Sheet wash and stream channels in deserts
- Role of Tectonics in Landform Evolution
- Influence of tectonic activity on landform development
- Tectonic uplift and its impact on erosional and depositional processes
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