This Exam Covers the Following Topics

1. Introduction to Drainage Systems
   • Definition of drainage and drainage systems.
   • Importance of channels for water flow and preventing floods.
2. Drainage Patterns
   • Dendritic pattern.
   • Radial pattern.
   • Trellis pattern.
   • Centripetal pattern.
3. River Systems and Catchment Areas
   • Definition of catchment areas and drainage basins.
   • Watersheds and river basins.
4. Classification of Indian Drainage Systems
   • Arabian Sea drainage vs. Bay of Bengal drainage.
   • Major, medium, and minor river basins.
5. The Himalayan Drainage System
   • Major rivers: Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus.
   • Characteristics of the Himalayan rivers.
   • Evolution of the Himalayan drainage system.
   • Formation of gorges, valleys, flood plains, deltas.
6. River Systems of the Peninsular Drainage
   • Key rivers: Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Narmada, Tapi.
   • Characteristics of Peninsular rivers (non-perennial, fixed courses).
   • Evolution of Peninsular drainage (rift valleys, tectonic movements).
7. Differences between Himalayan and Peninsular Rivers
   • Perennial vs. non-perennial nature.
   • Differences in topography, sediment deposition, and meandering.
8. Drainage System Terminology and Geomorphological Features
   • Features like flood plains, ox-bow lakes, braided channels, rapids, and waterfalls.
   • River deltas and estuaries.
9. Water Resource Management and Challenges
   • Socio-economic aspects of river interlinking.
   • Flooding and water resource distribution.
   • Watershed management and inter-basin water transfer.
10. Major River Projects and Conservation Initiatives
    • Namami Gange Programme.
    • Narmada river conservation mission.
    • Various river linking and canal projects (Indira Gandhi Canal, Beas-Satluj link, etc.).

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