Geography (Climate)
This Exam Covers the Following Topics
- Definition of Climate and Weather
- Difference between weather and climate.
- Elements of weather and climate (temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, and precipitation).
- Monsoon Climate of India
- Origin of the word ‘monsoon.’
- Characteristics of India’s monsoon climate.
- Seasonal reversal of wind direction.
- Regional Variations in Climate
- Temperature variations in different parts of India (Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir, Thar Desert, Kerala, etc.).
- Precipitation differences across regions (Meghalaya, Ladakh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, etc.).
- Factors Affecting India’s Climate
- Latitude, altitude, pressure and wind systems, distance from the sea, ocean currents, and relief features.
- Pressure and Winds in India
- Influence of the Coriolis force.
- Role of pressure belts and wind systems (north-easterly winds, southwest monsoon).
- Seasons in India
- Cold weather season (winter).
- Hot weather season (summer).
- Advancing monsoon (rainy season).
- Retreating monsoon (post-monsoon season).
- Climatic Controls
- Six major climatic controls: latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea, ocean currents, and relief.
- Precipitation and Distribution of Rainfall
- Forms and types of precipitation in India.
- Annual rainfall distribution across the country.
- Orographic Effect and Rain Shadow Areas
- Role of the Western Ghats and Himalayas in determining rainfall patterns.
- Rain shadow regions (eastern side of the Western Ghats).
- Impact of Monsoons on Agriculture and Life
- Monsoon as a unifying bond for the Indian subcontinent.
- Influence of monsoons on agriculture, festivals, and daily life.
- Cyclonic Disturbances and Depressions
- Western cyclonic disturbances and their effect on winter rains.
- Cyclones and their impact on the eastern coasts.
- Diurnal Range of Temperature
- Differences in day and night temperatures in various regions.
- Monsoon Breaks and Variability
- Concept of breaks in monsoon and their effects on rainfall distribution.
- Variability of annual rainfall and its consequences (floods and droughts).
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