This Exam Covers the Following

1. Definition of Environment – Understanding what constitutes the environment, including natural and human-made components.
2. Components of Environment – Breakdown of natural and human-made phenomena, including biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) elements.
3. Domains of Environment:
   • Lithosphere – Earth’s solid crust, including landforms, minerals, and human settlements.
   • Hydrosphere – Domain of water, including rivers, lakes, oceans, and its importance for life.
   • Atmosphere – Thin layer of gases around the Earth, influencing weather and climate.
   • Biosphere – The living world, where land, water, and air support life.
4. Ecosystem – Interaction between living organisms and their surroundings, the importance of energy transfer, and material within ecosystems.
5. Human-made Environment – Structures and systems created by humans, such as buildings, roads, and industries.
6. Human Impact on Environment – How human activities, like industrialization and deforestation, modify and sometimes degrade natural environments.
7. Threats to Environment – Issues such as pollution, deforestation, overpopulation, and climate change.
8. Interconnectedness of Environmental Domains – How changes in one domain (like hydrosphere or atmosphere) affect other domains (like lithosphere and biosphere).
9. Sustainable Development – Balancing human development with conservation of natural resources and environmental protection.
10. Critical Thinking on Environmental Management – Exploring the long-term impacts of human activities on ecosystems and the role of environmental planning.

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